PLAN | UBC Academic Calendar (2024)

PLAN: Community and Regional Planning

Not all courses offered each year.

  1. PLAN 211 (3) City-Making: A Global Perspective

    Contemporary city development trends, policies, and practices across the globe as explored against the backdrop of culture and technology. Includes hands-on learning.

  2. PLAN 221 (3) City Visuals

    An exploratory journey through the vast world of visualizing the city and ways of representing the built environment, including how to both interpret and use visualizations to read the city.

    Prerequisite: Second-year standing or above in any program.

  3. PLAN 231 (3) Methods of Community Engagement

    Examination of various approaches to hands-on engagement with urban communities while examining the meaning of public, community, and participation.

    Prerequisite: Second-year standing.

  4. PLAN 321 (3) Indigeneity and the City

    Place-based exploration of the multiple, complex and contested ways urban Indigeneity is constituted in Canada today, with opportunities for field trips and hands-on learning.

    Prerequisite: Third-year standing or above in any program. Second year students may be admitted with permission of instructor.

  5. PLAN 331 (3) The Just City in a Divided World

    Considers the city as a terrain for the manifestation and mediation of social justice. Explores how the allocation of land, goods, and services in cities (re)produces social stratification, and how institutions and civil society negotiate just and unjust outcomes.

    Prerequisite: Third-year standing or above in any program. Second year students may be admitted with permission of instructor.

  6. PLAN 341 (3) Smart Cities: Concepts, Methods and Design

    Rapid transformation of cities by information technology and socio-economic innovation; growth in citizen-generated data and the internet of things; emerging theory, methods, and frameworks for understanding "Smart Cities". This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

    Prerequisite: Third-year standing or above in any program. Second year students may be admitted with permission of instructor.

  7. PLAN 351 (3) Green Cities

    The key social and technological challenges, contradictions, and opportunities in planning for ecologically sound urbanization.

    Prerequisite: Second-year standing.

  8. PLAN 361 (3) Community Planning in a World of Diversity

    Examination of how the diverse, multicultural, and cosmopolitan aspects of cities create challenges and opportunities for community planning.

    Prerequisite: Third-year standing.

  9. PLAN 425 (3) Urban Planning Issues and Concepts

    Evolution, practice and future of urban planning and development, with emphasis on institutional arrangements, housing, transportation, urban design and development control. For third- and fourth-year undergraduate students interested in urban planning. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading. [3-0]

  10. PLAN 452 (3) Urban Studies Capstone II

    Application of key elements of urban studies theory, concepts, and methods to a community-engaged urban challenge.

    Prerequisite: GEOG 451. Fourth-year standing.

    Equivalency: URST 452.

  11. PLAN 500 (3) Comparative Perspectives on Planning History and Futures

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  12. PLAN 501 (3) Reconciliation and Planning

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  13. PLAN 502 (3) Sustainability and Resilience in Planning

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  14. PLAN 504 (3) Urban Design and Visual Representation

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  15. PLAN 505 (3) Planning Theory, Values, and Ethics

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  16. PLAN 506 (3) Information and Analysis in Planning

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  17. PLAN 507 (3) Engagement and Facilitation for Planners

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  18. PLAN 508 (3) Foundations of Planning Theory and History

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  19. PLAN 509 (2) Urbanism as a Global Way of Life

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  20. PLAN 510 (2) Environment and Sustainability Concepts for Planning Practice

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  21. PLAN 511 (3) The Legal and Institutional Context of Planning

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  22. PLAN 512 (3) Urban Economics, Infrastructure, and Real Estate Issues in Planning

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  23. PLAN 513 (3) Making and Implementing Community and Regional Plans

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  24. PLAN 514 (3) Indigenous Planning: Ways of Being, Knowing and Doing

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  25. PLAN 515 (3) Indigenous Law, Governance and Community Planning

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  26. PLAN 516 (3) Planning for Community Economic Development

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  27. PLAN 517 (3) Theory and Methods of Urban Design

    Application of urban design theory to a neighbourhood design. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  28. PLAN 521 (3) Quantitative Skills for Planners

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  29. PLAN 522 (2) Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  30. PLAN 523 (2) The Profession of Planning

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  31. PLAN 524 (2) Legal Concepts for Professional Planning

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  32. PLAN 525 (2) Planning Practice Methods

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  33. PLAN 526 (6) Selected Topics in Experimental Learning: The Planning Studio

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  34. PLAN 527 (3-6) d Internship

    Pass/Fail. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  35. PLAN 528 (3/6) d Capstone Professional Report

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  36. PLAN 530 (3) Affordable Housing Policy and Planning

    The history of housing and homelessness policies as well as current issues and challenges faced by municipalities, regional governments, non-profit housing providers, and others. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  37. PLAN 531 (3) Planning for Disaster-Resilient Communities

    Natural disasters from the perspective of risk analysis, risk reduction, and planning for disaster-resilient communities. Focus primarily on Canada and the U.S. but includes disaster risk globally. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  38. PLAN 532 (3) Strategic Planning: Developing and Implementing Policy Plans

    Theory and practice of developing and implementing plans for sustainable regions, cities, and neighbourhoods. Combining land use, transportation, environment, socio-economic, and financial directions, managing plan making including public participation, and writing council reports. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  39. PLAN 534 (1) Introduction to Geographic Information Systems

    Theory, history and capabilities behind GIS, with customized laboratory exercises that incorporate urban design and planning themes. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  40. PLAN 535 (3) Transportation Planning & Analysis

    Foundations of urban travel modelling: data needs; survey and sampling techniques; model calibration and validation; discrete choice modeling; 4-step travel demand forecasting (trip generation, distribution, modal choice, and assignment); activity based models; integrated land use/transport models. Credit will be granted for only one of CIVL 441, CIVL 583, or PLAN 535. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  41. PLAN 540 (6) d Planning Praxis

    Pass/fail. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  42. PLAN 541 (6) Planning Studio

  43. PLAN 542 (3) Practical Practice: City Planning as a Craft

    Approach, role, style, and essential skills of practical urban planning: working at the community level; developing overall policy; managing development; undertaking urban design; and engaging in the political process. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  44. PLAN 543 (12) Indigenous Community Planning Practicum

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  45. PLAN 545 (3-12) d Planning Studies Abroad

    An extended site visit outside Canada to understand the cultural context for community and regional planning issues and the local institutional response. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  46. PLAN 548 (1-12) d Current Issues in Planning

    Each year the school may offer one or more courses on a topical issue covering recent advances in the field. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  47. PLAN 549 (6-12) c Master's Thesis

    Research and preparation of a thesis on a topic in public policy or professional practice. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  48. PLAN 550 (3-6) c Directed Studies

    With the approval of the Chair of the program. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  49. PLAN 558 (3) The Role of Theory in Planning Research

    This course will be taken in the first term of the Master's program. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  50. PLAN 559 (3) Design of Planning- and Policy-Oriented Research

    Research design for SCARP thesis-based Master's students. Approaches for designing research methodologies and thesis structure. Selection processes for research focus; linking research problems to methodological sources; logics of structuring the thesis. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  51. PLAN 560 (1) Master's Thesis Workshop

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  52. PLAN 565 (1-12) d Current Issues in Real Property Development and Planning

    Topics will vary. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  53. PLAN 579 (3) Public Health, Transportation, and the Built Environment

    Health issues associated with transportation and the built environment; design of urban form for non-motorized transportation for the improvement of personal and environmental health; factors that impact transportation choices; applying findings from research to specific transportation planning processes and projects. Credit will be granted for only one of PLAN 579 or SPPH 571. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

    Equivalency: SPPH 571.

  54. PLAN 580 (3) Urban Transportation Planning

    Topics include the relationship between transportation and urban activity systems; analysis of supply and demand; accessibility and environment; institutional arrangements and public finance. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  55. PLAN 583 (3) Housing and Community Planning Policy

    Homes and communities are a focus of public policy for local and senior governments. Overview of past and current policies addressing the design and development of homes and communities. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  56. PLAN 587 (3-12) d Urban Design

    A studio/seminar on the history of the physical form of cities and theories of city design. Topics include social impacts, heritage and environmental conservation, urban revitalization, and the legal and administrative instruments for the implementation of city designs. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  57. PLAN 591 (3) Land Use and Environmental Policy

    Identify potential impacts of human land use activities on environmental systems; review policies in place at various levels of government in Canada (and elsewhere) that promote sustainable development and reduce negative impacts; assess effectiveness of those policies; design new policies. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  58. PLAN 597 (3) Planning for Water Resources Management

    The relationships among relevant bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional systems as applied to regional planning for watersheds, lakes, estuaries, coastal zones and international river basins. Water supply, waste disposal, fisheries, aquaculture, recreation, hydropower and flood control. This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  59. PLAN 601 (3) Research Methods Seminar

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  60. PLAN 602 (3) Planning Theory Advanced Seminar

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  61. PLAN 603 (3) Ph.D. Colloquium

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

  62. PLAN 649 (0) Doctoral Dissertation

    This course is not eligible for Credit/D/Fail grading.

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PLAN | UBC Academic Calendar (2024)

FAQs

Is UBC hard to get into? ›

Most UBC programs require you to have completed a few specific high school courses. They also require you to achieve a minimum grade point average (GPA). This minimum GPA is typically around 80%.

What is good standing at UBCO? ›

All students on initial entry to the University are In Good Standing. The academic standing of a student may change to On Academic Probation or Failed as the result of academic performance evaluations, as described in each program's academic regulations.

What day do classes start UBC? ›

Term Dates for Winter Session 2023/24
Term 1 (September – December, 2023)Term 2 (January – April, 2024)
StartTuesday, September 5Monday, January 8
Midterm BreakNovember 13 – 151February 19 – 232
FinishThursday, December 7Friday, April 12
Teaching Days6263
3 more rows

What is the dean's list for UBC arts? ›

Students with a standing of 80% or better in the previous Winter Session will receive the notation "Dean's Honour List" on their records. A program of at least 24 approved percentage-graded credits must have been completed during the session to receive this designation.

Can I get into UBC with a 3.8 GPA? ›

The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a highly competitive school, and the average GPA for applicants is about 3.7.

Can I get into UBC with a 3.5 GPA? ›

Admission Requirements: A minimum GPA of 3.0 or 86% for undergraduate admission and an overall average of 76% for admission to graduate programs is required.

What is a 4.0 GPA at UBC? ›

UBC GPA
PercentageUBC GPA
864.00
853.95
843.90
833.85
37 more rows

What is the average GPA for UBC high school? ›

The University of British Columbia (UBC)'s average GPA is 3.15. The University of British Columbia (UBC) does require GPA.

What GPA is considered good standing? ›

When a student's cumulative (overall) and current (most recent term) grade point averages are 2.0 or better, that student is in good academic standing. If either the cumulative or current G.P.A. falls below 2.0, the student is on academic probation. A student whose current (term) G.P.A.

What happens if you fail a course UBC? ›

One or more failed grades will lower your sessional average, but your other grades will also determine what your academic standing is. Failing a core course will impact your progress through your degree, and it could impact your eligibility for a specialization, but you will likely not be set back a full year.

How many hours is a UBC course? ›

About UBC courses

Most UBC undergraduate courses amount to 3 hours of class time per week. This does not include the number of hours you may spend on assignments, projects, tutorials, or lab work outside of lectures. Classes that are 3 hours long are referred to as 3-credit classes or 3-credit hours.

What is the IB score for UBC? ›

For students who complete the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma, admission to the University will require a minimum of 24 points, including bonus points. Due to limited enrolment, a higher score will be required for admission to most programs.

Is Dean's List rare? ›

The Dean's List Award is comparative rather than absolute, meaning that if a select student body is more competitive in a given semester, the cut-off score will be higher. The students who make it to the Dean's List are in the top 1-5% among their class.

What is the average GPA for dean's list? ›

With the GPA scale from 0 to 4, 4 being an A, the dean's list cutoff is typically around 3.5 to 3.7.

How much GPA is Dean's List? ›

The exact dean's list GPA requirements will depend on each particular pool of students, but is usually at least a 3.5 GPA. To be eligible, you'll also need to be a full-time student taking a minimum number of credits (often around 12 credits).

Is 3.8 GPA too low for Harvard? ›

GPA only seems to have any impact if you are above 3.8 or below 3.0. The acceptance rate for Harvard is higher in the 3.0 to 3.39 range than 3.4 to 3.79. This is likely due to low sample size in the ... Here are the top schools with a freshman class with an average high school GPA of 3.8: School name.

What GPA is needed for Harvard? ›

In truth, you need close to a 4.0 unweighted GPA to get into Harvard. That means nearly straight As in every class.

Can you go to Harvard with a 3.8 GPA? ›

If you achieve a 3.8 GPA, your grades are likely above many of your peers. However, classing a 3.8 GPA as “good” depends on your chosen colleges and the difficulty of your courses. For example, Harvard's average GPA is 4.18, so you'll have to get straight As in nearly all of your classes to be a competitive applicant.

Can I apply to Harvard with a 3.5 GPA? ›

A 3.5 GPA will be highly competitive, and admission can be reasonably expected at many colleges. Still, it's not the most competitive at places like Harvard, Yale, and Dartmouth, which, on average, accept students with GPAs exceeding 4.0.

Can I go to Ivy League with 3.5 GPA? ›

It may be difficult to get into an Ivy League school with a 3.5 GPA. Most Ivy League schools require that applicants have an average GPA of 4.0.

What is the average GPA in America? ›

The average high school GPA in the US is 3.0, which also accounts for roughly 35% of students who don't end up applying for college. However, for college applicants, the average GPA is more likely between 3.5 and 4.0.

How rare is a 4.7 GPA? ›

The national average GPA is around 3.0, so a 4.7 GPA is well above the national average. However, keep in mind that the 3.0 national average represents the average GPA of all students, not just those applying to universities.

What GPA is required for Harvard on a 4.0 scale? ›

You should also have a 4.18 GPA or higher. If your GPA is lower than this, you need to compensate with a higher SAT/ACT score. For a school as selective as Harvard, you'll also need to impress them with the rest of your application.

Is a 4.69 GPA good? ›

At most high schools, this means that the highest GPA you can get is a 5.0. A 4.5 GPA indicates that you're in very good shape for college. You're most likely in high level classes earning As and high Bs. 99.74% of schools have an average GPA below a 4.5.

What is the highest GPA in Canada? ›

The university grading scale Canada has a GPA out of 4.0–but some use a GPA out of 9.0.

What is the hightest GPA in high school? ›

High school GPAs are measured on one of two scales: weighted or unweighted. The unweighted scale is most common, and the highest possible GPA on this scale is a 4.0. The unweighted scale doesn't take the difficulty of a student's classes into account.

What GPA scale do most high schools use? ›

High schools often report GPA (grade point average) on a 4.0 scale. The top grade is an A, which equals 4.0. You calculate your overall GPA by averaging the scores of all your classes. This is a common scale used at most colleges, and many high schools also use it.

What grade does GPA matter the most? ›

Your junior year grades are essential: it's the grade a college will look at most, along with your senior year. Your grades predetermine your academic performance for your final year. Your GPA and the “sturdiness” of it matters.

What is a failing GPA in college? ›

What Happens if You Fail a Class in College? At most colleges, a final grade below 60% qualifies as a failing grade. Depending on your college's GPA scale, that can mean anything below a 1.0 or 0.7 GPA counts as a failed class. If you fail a class, you'll get a 0 on your transcript — and that can bring down your GPA.

What GPA will put you on academic probation? ›

But what is academic probation exactly? Colleges set a minimum GPA for good academic standing. At most schools, this means earning above a 2.0 GPA. When a student's cumulative GPA drops below 2.0, the institution can put them on academic probation.

Is C a failing grade? ›

C - this is a grade that rests right in the middle. C is anywhere between 70% and 79% D - this is still a passing grade, and it's between 59% and 69% F - this is a failing grade.

Is D still a passing grade? ›

Many people wonder, “What is a passing grade in college?” Coming from high school, the grading system doesn't really change. In fact, a “D” is considered passing in both high school and college, as it's above 60%. While a passing grade may be as low as 60%, you will want to aim higher for many reasons.

Can a professor pass a failing student? ›

Yes, professors can pass you even if you fail. Professors can alter your grades if they wanted to and assign you any letter grade they want. But this doesn't mean it is ethical or expected. When I was a professor, we were required to submit all our final grades to our boss.

How long is PhD at UBC? ›

Under normal circ*mstances, the PhD should be completed in five years, although UBC allows up to six years.

What is a full course load? ›

Your course load refers to the number of courses or credits you are taking. For example, to complete a typical university program in the standard amount of time, a student is required to take 5 courses each term for four years.

How many years is a master's degree in UBC? ›

12 to 24 months | Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies.

Does Harvard accept IB students? ›

Placement Recommendations - Harvard makes recommendations for courses appropriate for a student's background based on results of AP, IB, SAT II, and placement exams. Students with stronger preparation in a language, math, or science, for example, will be recommended for placement in more challenging classes.

What IB score does Harvard want? ›

Harvard University in United States of America requires students to maintain a minimum IB of 40 in order to stand a good chance to get admission into Harvard University. The IB requirement of Harvard University is much higher than the average requirements of universities in United States of America.

What is the highest GPA for IB? ›

Performance-based
IB Honors Track
GPA within ConcentrationNo thesis or No creditPraiseworthy
3.500honorshigh
3.667honorshigh
3.833highhighest

What GPA is Cumme laude? ›

cum laude: at least a 3.0 total GPA (grade point average) and a class rank in the 75th percentile or above in the student's school or college. magna cum laude: at least a 3.4 total GPA (grade point average) and a class rank in the 85th percentile or above in the student's school or college.

What is the lowest dean's list GPA? ›

Any student with a 3.5 semester GPA earns a place on the Dean's List. The only exception is if that student has less than a 3.0 cumulative GPA.

Should I put dean's list on resume? ›

Here's whether to list Dean's List on a resume and if yes, how: Including Dean's List on a resume is optional. Put Dean's List on a resume if you made it all semesters. If you made Dean's List only once or twice, better don't include it.

What happens if you make dean's list every semester? ›

Shows a consistent level of performance if achieved all semesters. Adds another credential and honor to your resume. Depending on the school or employer, it may be extra valuable if the GPA requirement for Dean's List is especially high. Adds more detail to your resume.

What is a president's list in college? ›

The President's List* distinction is bestowed on undergraduate program students who exhibit a commitment to academic excellence during their degree journey. Students qualifying for the President's List must: be an enrolled undergraduate student with a 4.0 grade point average (GPA) for the current term.

Is there anything higher than the dean's list? ›

Summa Cum Laude -- is awarded to candidates whose grade-point-average is 3.900 or higher. Magna Cum Laude -- is awarded to candidates whose grade-point-average is 3.700-3.899. Cum Laude -- is awarded to candidates whose grade-point-average is 3.5000-3.699.

What is the difference between honor roll and dean's list? ›

A student can make the President's Honor Roll and not the Dean's List. While the Dean's List recognizes a student's academic excellence in a given semester, the President's Honor Roll recognizes sustained academic excellence across the student's academic career.

Does graduating college with honors make a difference? ›

For future employers, seeing a student graduating with honors can verify that the student has the competence to do the work they are assigned to do. For graduate or doctoral programs, a student graduating with honors signifies that they not only have mastered their subject but have mastered the art of being a student.

What is the GPA for honor roll? ›

Honor Roll GPA must equal a 3.30 or higher • High Honor Roll GPA must equal a 3.7 or higher • When calculating the Honor Roll GPA use the chart below and average out all letter grades.

What GPA do you need to get into UBC? ›

It is best to complete, or be in the process of completing, the equivalent of 30 UBC credits before applying. The minimum academic standing to qualify for admission to UBC is an admission average of C (60%, where 50% is a passing grade), or a 2.0 on a 4.0 point scale, typically on the most recent 30 credits attempted.

Is it harder for international students to get into UBC? ›

Some popular specializations at the university are Accounting, Architecture, Engineering, Business Administration, Computer Science, Medicine, Law, etc. The University of British Columbia acceptance rate as of 2021 is 52.4% making it relatively selective for international students.

What GPA is 80% UBC? ›

UBC GPA
PercentageUBC GPA
823.80
813.75
803.70
793.60
37 more rows

Is UBC as good as Ivy League? ›

Established in 1915, the University of British Columbia is a renowned university in the world as well as one of the best ivy league universities in Canada. It is a public research university with several faculties and a number of departments.

Is UBC a prestigious University? ›

The University of British Columbia is a global centre for teaching, learning and research, consistently ranked among the top 20 public universities in the world.

Can US citizens go to university in Canada? ›

Your permit lets you study in Canada, but you may also need a visitor visa (temporary resident visa) or an Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) to enter Canada. If we approve your study permit, we'll also give you either a visitor visa or an eTA, depending on which document you need.

Does UBC accept American students? ›

The University welcomes applications from outstanding international students. Well-qualified applicants from recognized secondary schools, colleges, and universities will be considered, as well as students applying as transfer students from recognized universities and colleges.

Can Americans go to university in Canada? ›

You can apply for a study permit online, or you may obtain a paper application from a visa application centre. To do this, you'll need: a valid passport, in most cases. a letter of acceptance from the college stating the program of study, including start and end dates.

What is the equivalent of a Canadian GPA to a US GPA? ›

Basically in the US, a 100% is a 4.0. While in Canada, a 100% is usually a 4.33.

Is a 3.7 GPA good in Canada? ›

Canadian GPA

GPA above 4.0 = Excellent. GPA above 3.5 = Very good. GPA above 3.0 = Good. GPA above 2.5 = Satisfactory.

What is the Harvard of Canada? ›

McGill University is Canada's second finest university, trailing only Toronto. This reflects in McGill University's status as Canada's Harvard and Toronto University's status as the country's Oxford.

What is the MIT of Canada? ›

Located within Canada's famous technology triangle, Waterloo is known as the “Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)” of Canada. In the spirit of innovation, over 40 years ago Waterloo was one of the first universities with an entire faculty dedicated to the study of environment.

What is the Yale of Canada? ›

Yale is an unincorporated town in the Canadian province of British Columbia, which grew in importance during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Front Street, Yale, British Columbia circa 1882 during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

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